Publication
from BugwoodWiki, Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health at
the University of Georgia
by M. A Brick, H.
F. Schwartz, J. R. Steadman, R. Hall, and R. L. Forster
Beans
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Pests and diseases affecting beans
2.1 Common
bean
3 Original Work
4 Selected References
Introduction
Common bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris L.) was domesticated by Native Americans during
pre-Colombian times. Archeological data suggest that bean was
independently domesticated in different regions of the Americas
including the Andean region of South America (Kaplan et al.; 1980),
Argentina (Tarrago, 1980 as cited by Gepts and Debouck, 1991), and
Mexico (Kaplan, 1967; Kaplan and MacNeish, 1960). The oldest
domesticated beans found at archeological sites in each of these
regions were estimated to have been cultivated between 7000 to 9600
years ago. Wild or putatively wild relatives of P. vulgaris grow
currently from northern Mexico to Argentina, often in the same regions
as cultivated forms. Domestication has altered the morphology and
phenology of the plant, especially growth habit, seed size, seed
retention and maturity (Gepts, 1998; Gepts and Debouck, 1991; Koinange
et al., 1996). Selection toward smaller, denser plants resulted in
shorter internodes, suppressed climbing ability, fewer and thicker
stems, and larger leaves. This selection strategy culminated in the
compact growth habit of free standing, determinate, and upright
indeterminate bean cultivars that were more suitable for mechanized
crop production.
The most striking difference between wild ancestors and
cultivated bean
are changes in pod and seed size (Debouck, 1999; Koinange et al.,
1996). During domestication, large seeds were selected for dry seed
production in preference to the small seed (preferred for garden bean
production) and less dehiscent pods with lower pod fiber content. The
large seed size of early domesticates indicates that gain from
selection for large seed size was rapid rather than gradual. Seed
colors, markings, and shapes vary widely in the species, and local
landraces reflect regional preferences in seed type. For example,
Venezuela and Guatemala favor black beans; Colombia and Honduras, red;
Peru and Mexico, cream, tan or black; and Brazil, black or tan striped.
Landraces of climbing beans also occur as mixtures of seed types,
especially in Africa where large seeded, colored Andean beans are
preferred.
Common bean is the third most important food legume crop
worldwide;
only soybean (Glycine max
(L.) Merr.) and peanut (Arachis
hypogea L.) have more production (Singh, 1999). Cultivated
beans are divided into two groups based on their edible parts. Dry
edible beans are consumed as the mature dry seed after rehydration, and
snap beans (e.g., green, string, French or Haricot bean) are consumed
for their fleshy immature pods. Dry beans are further divided into
distinct market classes based on seed characteristics, and snap bean
classes are based on pod characteristics and plant type (Myers and
Baggett, 1999). Market classes of dry beans grown in North America
include pinto, great northern, pink, small red, black, navy, small
white, light red kidney, dark red kidney, yellow eye, Anasazi, and
cranberry. Other bean species produced include lima bean, mung bean and
azuki bean. Snap bean classification includes green, wax, and Romano
(e.g., Italian, flat pod). Both the dry seed and fresh green pods of
common bean are consumed throughout the world for their nutritional
content.
Taxonomically, common bean belongs to the family Leguminosae,
which is
further subdivided into subfamily, tribe, subtribe, and genus. The
genus Phaseolus is a member of the subfamily Papilonoideae, tribe
Phaseoleae and subtribe Phaseolinae (Debouck, 1999). The subtribe
Phaseolinae includes many other important pulse crops such as cowpea (Vigna unguiculata
L. (Walp.)), mung bean (Vigna
radiata L. (Wilczek)), adzuki bean (Vigna angularis
Willd. (Ohwi and Ohashi.)), moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia
Jacq. (Marechal), and winged bean (Psophocarpus
tetragonolobus L.). Within the genus Phaseolus, the
exact number of species is still unknown. A recent review of the genus
by Debouck (1999) suggests that it contains 51 species. Species of Phaseolus have been
grouped into sections, based on plant morphology, hybridology,
palynology, and molecular genetics, which reflect different lines of
evolution and speciation. Debouck classified four sections including
Chiapasana, Phaseolus, Minkelersia, and Xanthotricha. The Phaseolus section
included four of the cultivated Phaseolus
species, namely, P.
vulgaris (common bean), P. coccineus
(runner bean), P.
lunatus (lima bean), and P. acutifolius
(tepary bean). Each cultivated species was domesticated from wild
ancestors that still grow in the neotropics (Debouck and Smartt, 1995).
Worldwide, P.
vulgaris
is the most widely grown of the four species. It is cultivated
extensively in North, South and Central America, Africa, Asia, and
throughout Europe. According to FAO, Brazil and Mexico are the largest
Phaseolus producing nations in the world, with annual production of
138,700 and 75,000 Metric ton (Mt) in 2001, respectively. The FAO
statistics suggest that Asia, in particular India (213,000 Mt) and
China (84,400 Mt), produce large quantities of dry bean, however, these
are largely Vigna
beans. Worldwide production of dry bean is approximately 11.6 million
Mt harvested from 14.3 million ha (Singh, 1999). Data on world
production of snap bean are confounded by the Food and Agricultural
Organization (FAO) statistics that combine pod production of common
bean with Vigna
species, consumed largely in India and China.
Pests and
diseases affecting beans
Common bean
| Rust
Diseases |
| Disease
Name |
Causal
Agent |
| Soybean
rust |
Phakopsora
pachyrhizi |
| Common
rust |
Uromyces
appendiculatus |
Other
Fungal Diseases |
| Disease
Name |
Causal
Agent |
| White
mold |
Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum |
| Anthracnose |
Colletotrichum
lindemuthianum |
| Angular
leaf spot |
Phaeoisariopsis
griseola |
Bacterial
diseases of beans
(Overview) |
| Disease
Name |
Causal
Agent |
| halo
blight |
Pseudomonas
syringae pv. phaseolicola |
| Common
bacterial blight |
Xanthomonas
campestris pv. phaseoli |
| Bacterial
brown spot |
Pseudomonas
syringae pv. syringae |
| Bacterial
wilt |
Curtobacterium
flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens |
Virus
diseases |
| Virus
Name |
Acronym
|
| Alfalfa
Mosaic Virus |
AMV
|
| Bean
Yellow Mosaic Virus |
BYMV
|
| Bean
Common Mosaic Virus |
BCMV |
| Beet
Curly Top Virus |
BCTV |
| Cucumber
Mosaic Virus |
CMV
|
Insect pests and vectors |
| Common
Name |
Scientific
Name |
| Bean
aphid |
Aphis
fabae |
| Potato
leafhopper |
Empoasca
fabae |
| Thrips |
Thrips
tabaci, Franklinella
occidentalis and others |
| Mexican
bean beetle |
Epilachna
varivestis |
Original
Work
Brick, M. A. 2005. The Bean Plant. Pp. 1-4. In, Compendium of Bean
Diseases, 2nd ed. Edited by H. F. Schwartz, J. R. Steadman, R. Hall,
and R. L. Forster. APS Press, St. Paul, MN.
Selected
References
• Brick, M. A., and Shanahan, J. F.
1996.
Classification and development. Pages 3-11, In: H. F. Schwartz, M. A.
Brick, D. S. Nuland, and G. D. Franc (eds.). Dry Bean Production and
Pest Management. Regional Bull. 562A. Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, CO.
• Debouck, D. 1991. Systematics and
morphology. Pages 55-118, In: A. van Schoonhoven and O. Voysest (eds.)
Common Beans: Research for Crop Improvement. C.A.B. Int. Wallingford,
U.K. & CIAT, Cali, Colombia.
• Debouck, D. 1999. Diversity in Phaseolus
species in relation to the common bean. Pages 25-52, In: S. P. Singh
(ed.) Common Bean Improvement in the Twenty-First Century. Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
• Debouck, D., and Smartt, A. J. 1995.
Beans, Phaseolus spp. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae). Pages 287-294, In:
J. Smartt and N. W. Simmonds (eds.) Evolution of Crop Plants 2nd ed.
Longman, London, U.K.
• Gepts, P. 1998. Origin and evolution of
common bean: past events and recent trends. HortScience 33:1124-1130.
• Gepts, P., and Debouck, D. 1991. Origin,
domestication, and evolution of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris
L.). Pages 7-53, In: A. van Schoonhoven and O. Voysest (eds.) Common
Beans: Research for Crop Improvement. C.A.B. Int. Wallingford, U.K.
& CIAT, Cali, Colombia.
• Kaplan, L. 1967. Archeological Phaseolus
from Tehuacán. Pages 201-211, In: Beyers, D. E. (ed.), The Prehistory
of the Tehuacán Valley, Vol. 1: Environment and Subsistence. Univ. of
Texas, Austin, TX, USA.
• Kaplan, L. 1980. Variation in the
cultivated beans. Pages 145-148, In: Lynch, T.F. (ed.). Guitarrero
Cave: Early Man in the Andes. Academic Press, New York, USA.
• Kaplan, L., and McNesh, R. S. 1960.
Prehistoric bean remains from caves in the Ocampo region of Tamaulipas,
Mexico. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 19:33-56.
• Koinange, E. M. K., Singh, S. P., and
Gepts, P. 1996. Genetic control of the domestication syndrome in
common-bean. Crop Sci. 36:1037-1045.
• Myers, J. R., and, Baggett, J. R. 1999.
Improvement of snap beans. Pages 289-330, In: S. P. Singh (ed.) Common
Bean Improvement in the Twenty-First Century. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
• Singh, S. P. 1982. A key for
identification of different growth habits of Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Annu. Rpt. Bean Improv. Coop. 25:92-94.
• Singh, S. P. 1999. Production and
utilization. Pages 1-24, In: S. P. Singh (ed.). Common Bean Improvement
in the Twenty-First Century. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The
Netherlands.
• Singh, S. P., and Gutiérrez, J. A. 1984.
Geographical distribution of the DL1 and DL2 genes causing hybrid
dwarfism in Phaseolus
vulgaris L., their association with seed size,
and their significance to breeding. Euphytica 33:337-335.
• Singh, S. P., and Molina, A. 1996.
Inheritance of crippled trifoliolate leaves occurring in intensive
crosses of common bean and its relationship with hybrid dwarfism.
Euphytica 26:665-679.
• Singh, S. P., Gepts, P., and Debouck, D.
G. 1991. Races of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Econ. Bot.
45:379-396.
• Singh, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A., Molina,
A., Urrea, C., and Gepts, P. 1991. Genetic diversity in cultivated
common bean: II. Marker-based analysis of morphological and agronomic
traits. Crop Sci. 31:23-29.
• Skroch, P. W., and Nienhuis, J. 1995.
Qualitative and quantitative characterization of RAPD variation among
snap bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris) genotypes. Theor. Appl. Genet.
91:1078-1085.
• Voysest, O., Valencia, M. C., and
Amezquita, M. C. 1994. Genetic diversity among Latin American Andean
and Mesoamerican common bean cultivars. Crop Sci. 34:1100-1110.
• White, J. F., and Laing, D. R. 1989.
Photoperiod response of flowering in diverse genotypes of common bean
(P. vulgaris).
Field Crops Res. 22:113-128.
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