| Strawberry Tree - Arbutus unedo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Fig. 1  Arbutus unedo  Fig. 2  Ripe arbutus berries are pebbly and red outside, golden and mushy inside  Fig. 3  Strawberry tree A. unedo, Kavran, Croatia  Fig. 4  Foliage of a strawberry tree in La Montagne suburb of Pretoria, Tshwane in South Africa  Fig. 5   Fig. 9  Ar. unedo (Madroño): Flores - Avda Menéndez Pelayo, Madrid (España)  Fig. 10   Fig. 11  Bumble bee pollinating A. unedo flower  Fig. 12  Strawberry tree A.unedo, Valencia, Spain  Fig. 16   Fig. 17  Strawberry, madrone, A. unedo San Luis Obispo, CA, Huntington Botanical Gardens  Fig. 18  Arbutus berries (Palombaggia, Corsica)  Fig. 19  A. unedo off Bayshore Drive at Coal Harbour, Vancouver, BC  Fig. 20  Arbousier (A. unedo) à Carcassonne  Fig. 21  Valley of the Fallen (Valle de los Caídos), Spain  Fig. 22  Clusters of berries, leaves and flowers of the A. unedo  Fig. 23  Sun-dried arbutus berries are like dried apricots, full of flavor.  Fig. 32  Arbousier (A. unedo) dans le parc de Pierrefitte-Nestalas, Hautes-Pyrénées, France  Fig. 33  Strawberry, madrone, A. unedo San Luis Obispo, CA, Huntington Botanical Gardens  Fig. 34  An A. unedo in Golden Valley Tree Park, Western Australia, the tree was planted in the 1930's  Fig. 35  Strawberry tree (A. unedo), San Jose, California  Fig. 36  A. unedo in Christchurch Botanic Gardens in Christchurch, Canterbury Region, New Zealand  Fig. 37  A. unedo in Christchurch Botanic Gardens in Christchurch, Canterbury Region, New Zealand  Fig. 38  Winter Glow. Strawberry Tree (A. unedo) The bark was still wet from overnight rain giving it a rich, polished copper appearance. Greys Court a Natioanl Trust property near Henley-on-Thames, England.  Fig. 39  Street and strawberry tree in Cortelazor, Huelva, Spain  Fig. 40  Arbutus fruits sold near Oran (Algeria)  Fig. 41  Arbôjhes dins des cahotes di schinons d' rozeas  Fig. 42  Tasting medronho spirits in Porto Côvo There are cognacs, armagnacs, grappas, and brandies. And then there is a wild, exuberant spirit called “aguardente de medronho.” Aguardente means fire water and medronho is the fruit of the “medronheiro,” a small shrub know in English as the strawberry tree.  Fig. 43  Distribution map of A. unedo (strawberry tree). Legend: Green: mative range; ✖ Isolated population; ▲Introduced and naturalized (synanthropic).  Fig. 44  Calypte anna feeding at flowers of A. unedo 'Marina' in the Water Conservation Garden at Cuyamaca College, El Cajon, California, USA  Fig. 45  El Oso y el Madroño ("The Bear and the Strawberry Tree"), square Puerta del Sol in Madrid Spain Bronze by Antonio Navarro Santafé, 1966 |
Scientific
name Arbutus unedo L. Pronunciation arb-YEW-tus YOU-nee-doe 10 Common names English: arbutus, cane apples, Irish strawberry tree, Killarney strawberry tree, strawberry madrone, strawberry tree; Algeria: ticisnou (Arabic); Czech: planika obecná; Danish: almindelig jordbærtræ, nestlig jordbærtræ; Eastonian: harilik maasikapuu; French: arbousier, arbousier commun, fraisier en arbre; German: Erdbeerbaum, Westlicher Erbeerbaum; Greek: koumaria; Hungarian: nyugati szamócafa; Italian: corbezzolo, sorbo peloso; Polish: drzewo poziomkowe; Portuguese: ervedeiro; medronheiro; Russian: zemljaničnoe derevo krupnoplodnoe; Saudi Arabia: bagg, outlub (Arabic); Slovašcina: jagodičnica navadna; Spanish: albocera, alborocera, borrachín, madroñera, madroño; Swedish: smultronträd; Turkish: katlab 2 Synonyms A. salicifolia Cels ex Hoffmanns., A. serratifolia Salisb., Unedo edulis Hoffmanns.; Link A. cassinifolia Steud., A. crispa Hoffmanns., A. intermedia Heldr. ex Nyman, A. laurifolia L.f., A. nothocomaros Heldr. ex Nyman, A. procumbens Kluk ex Besser, A. salicifolia Cels ex Hoffmanns., A. serratifolia Salisb., A. turbinata Pers. ex Rchb., A. vulgaris Bubani, Unedo edulis Hoffmanns. & Link, U. globosa Jord., U. oviformis Jord. 9 Relatives Pacific madrone (A. menziesii) 4 Family Ericaceae (heath family) Origin Native to the Mediterranean region, western Europe and south west Ireland USDA hardiness zones 8b-11 1 Uses Landscape specimen; hedges; smaller cultivars are good in containers 4 Height 8-18 ft (2.5-5.5 m) 1 Spread 8-20 ft (2.5-6 m) 1 Crown Round; symmetrical, dense 1 Plant habit Multi-stemmed; rounded; shrub or small tree 1 Growth rate Slow growing; 12-24 in. (30-60 cm) a year 1,11 Trunk/bark/branches Branches droop; showy; typically multi-trunked; dark, red/brown, flaking and shreddy bark 1 Leaves Evergreen; alternate; simple; serrate; dark green; leathery; red-stemmed leaves; 2-4 in. (5-10 cm) 1 Flowers Hermaphrodite; bell-shaped; small; assembled in drooping panicles; white/cream/gray, pink; honey scented 1,8,13 Fruit Round; pebbly surface; 0.5-1 in. (1.25-3 cm); red, yellow 1 Season Fall and winter 1 Light requirement Full sun, partial sun or partial shade 1 Soil tolerances Clay; sand; loam; acidic; alkaline; well-drained 1 pH preference 6.0-8.0 11 Drought tolerance Drought tolerant once established Aerosol salt tolerance Succeeds in fairly exposed maritime positions Soil salt tolerance Tolerant 8 Cold tolerance Will survive down to 5 °F (-15 °C) 5 Plant spacing 6-10 ft (1.8-3 m) 11 Roots Long taproot to withstand dry periods 5 Invasive potential * None reported Pest resistance Free of serious pests and diseases 1 Known hazard None known Reading Material Arbutus unedo: Strawberry Tree, University of Florida pdf Arbutus unedo, Floridata Arbutus unedo, Agoforestree Database Meet the Strawberry Tree, UC Master Gardener Newspaper, Tulare/Kings Counties pdf Origin The species is indigenous to the Mediterranean countries (excluding Egypt and Libya), Asia Minor and western Europe north to western France and Ireland. It is cultivated as fruit tree and for technical uses in many European Mediterranean countries, also in south Switzerland and south Tyrol, in the Crimea and in the western Caucasus. 2 The story goes, that when the Spanish explorers landed in California, they recognized our native (Ireland) madrone (naming it madroño) as being related to their madroño or Arbutus unedo which is common throughout the greater Mediterranean basin from: Albania to Croatia, Lebanon to Sardinia, Portugal to Tunisia—even the Canary Islands...and in Ireland. 7 Description Strawberry tree spreads quite wide as it grows taller and produces dense shade, making it ideal for use as a small shade, screen, hedge, or patio tree. The appearance of both fruits and flowers during the winter months also makes this plant very popular for specimen plantings. It is one of the most attractive small trees available for residential use but unfortunately is not normally available in the east. 1 In fall and winter, the small, white or pink blooms in two-inch-long panicles appear at the same time the previous year's fruit are ripening (Fig. 20). These unusual fruits have a rough, pebbled outer surface that ripens from yellow to red and persist on the tree throughout the winter, adding much to the tree's overall attractiveness. 1 Older specimens are especially attractive with their shredding gray-brown bark and twisted, gnarled trunks (Fig. 36,38). 4 Leaves Leaves are 2-4 inches (5-10 cm) by 0.8- 1.25 inches (2-3.1 cm) glossy green with serrated margins and red stems (Fig. 7). The tip is acute, base wedge-shaped (cuneate), undersides paler and glabrous. 11
Flowers Flowers are perfect, fragrant and appear in 10-30 flowered drooping racemes. The 5 creamy-white petals are joined nearly their full length to form an urn, inside which are 10 stamens and a 5 locular ovary. 5 Strawberry tree's urn-shaped flowers resemble those of another member of the Ericaceae family, the blueberry (Vaccinium ashei). 4
Fig. 13. Detail of the ovary with the furrowed style; there are remains of the chalice (the corolla has been removed) Fig. 14. Detail of stamens Pollination Pollination is by bees which are strongly attracted to the flowers. 5 Fruit The orange- shaped fruit ripen the year following flowering. Fruit are orange-red, almost fluorescent, and will definitely turn heads. 3 The fruit has a vague anise odor but tastes more like tangy rose hips—which it's related to. Edible prickly red armor on the outside and a creamy-mealy amber flesh, it's a superfruit (like acai) loaded with vitamin C and pectin. The fruits are high in sugar and contain bioflavonoids, malic acid as well as tannin. 7 Berries will ferment right on the tree (berries have been measured up to 24.6° Brix, or 5 to 14% alcohol—and no liquor license needed); the birds get inebriated as they gobble up the beer-berries. 7
Fig. 28. Fruits of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo), National Park of Monfragüe, Spain Fig. 29. Strawberry tree (A. unedo) fruit, Valcrose, Aniane, Hérault, France Varieties The cultivar 'Compacta' is a smaller shrub, with contorted, picturesque, branching and 5 by 5 ft (1.5 by 1.5 m) tall; 'Elfin King' flowers and fruits year-round, grows to 5 to 10 ft (1.5x3 m); 'Rubra' produces red-budded, dark pink flowers. 3 A. unedo f. rubra, which has earned The Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit. 14 Harvesting The creamy-white, bell-shaped flowers, often tinged with pink, are intermixed with the orange-scarlet rough fruit (Fig. 20), which owing to the length of time it takes to ripen, remains on the tree for twelve months, not maturing until the autumn succeeding that in which the flower is produced. 6 Fruit take about 12 months to mature so you can have both fruit and the current season's flowers on the tree at one time. Normal harvest time is late Autumn/Winter. Only fully coloured fruit should be picked over an extended season. They do not store or transport well. 5 Propagation Propagation is by seed or layering. 1 Seeds need stratification at 39-41 °F (4-5 °C) for 3 months before sowing. 5 Strawberry tree is propagated by seeds, which germinate readily, and by cuttings of half-ripe wood taken in summer or autumn. 4 Planting It is a sub-tropical species adapted to long hot dry summers and wet winters; nevertheless it can grow in the wet summers of western Ireland. 5 Requires a nutrient-rich well-drained moisture-retentive soil in sun or semi-shade and shelter from cold drying winds, especially when young. Most species in this genus require a lime-free soil but this species is fairly lime tolerant. It is also tolerant of industrial pollution. 13 Pruning In general, A. unedo tolerates pruning when branches are young to help keep in bounds, and can make an attractive informal hedge. 14 Food Uses Fruit flavour for seedling-grown plants is often bland and they are consequently processed, but the better varieties are enjoyable as is. Best flavour is attained when totally ripe, with reduction in tannins and increases in sugars. If you plant one for eating fresh, try and ensure it is a graft or a cutting from a plant you know produces tasty fruit. 5 You can also make marmelades, jams, jellies, pies, dried fruit, vinegars, pomaces, sorbets, and a grilled meat sauce (like cranberry, or quince sauce), from arbutus berries. You can plop those overripe berries into a bottle of red wine to make a killer sangria. 7 Apparently the fruits’ high pectin and natural sugar content make it as ideal for cooking as other fruits which are used more commonly. 14 In Portugal, strawberry tree fruits are fermented to make a strong tasting wine known as medronho or medronheira (Fig. 42), tsipuoro in Greece, Fior de Corbezzolo in Sicily, Creme d'Arbouse in Corsica among others. 8
Fig. 30. A.unedo crumble cake Medicinal Properties ** The tree is little used in herbalism but deserves modern investigation. All parts of the plant contain ethyl gallate, a substance that possesses strong antibiotic activity against the Mycobacterium bacteria. The leaves, bark and root are astringent and diuretic. They are also a renal antiseptic and so used in the treatment of infections of the urinary system such as cystitis and urethritis. It is used in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery and, a gargle can be made for treating sore and irritated throats. The flowers are weakly diaphoretic. 8 Other Uses Source of the famous miele di corbezzolo of Sardinia, a rare chestnut-colored honey that is highly esteemed for its pungent, spicy flavor featuring overtones of peppery mint or menthol. 14 In the neighbourhood of Algiers it forms hedges, and in Greece and Spain the bark has been used for tanning. The wood of the tree makes good charcoal. 6 The wood is used in Greece to make flutes. 8 The bark which contains 45% tannin has been used in tanning leather. Tannin can also be obtained from the leaves and fruit. 8 General Avoid using near pool and patio as heavy fruit set can make a mess on a walkway or patio (this isn't a problem for the 'Elfin King' cultivar which fruits only sparingly). 4 Madrid is madroño central (madroño being the Spanish for both fruit and tree). The city’s coat of arms, dating from the middle ages, features a bear on its hind legs reaching up to pick madroños from a tree and you can find this motif everywhere in the city, from manhole covers to dustbins to signs outside official buildings to taxis. Even the football club, Atlético Madrid, features the bear and strawberry tree. 12 Arbutus (arb-YEW-tus) means struggle. Unedo (YOU-nee-doe) means “I eat only one” from the Latin unum edo. That can be read two ways: It is so good I only eat one, or it is rather it is uninteresting thus I only eat one. We got that in 50 AD from Pliny the Elder (23 AD – August 25, 79), and we don’t know which he meant. Mensiesii honors the discoverer, Archibald Menzies (1754-1842), a Scottish physician and naturalist. 10 Strawberry tree is recommended by the California Invasive Plant Council as a suggested landscape substitute for often-used invasive species like Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius). 4
Fig. 46. Coat of arms of Madrid (Spain) Fig. 47. Strawberry-Tree Fruit, stamp of Albania 1972 Fig. 48. Coats of arms of L'Arboç, Tarragona, Spain Fig. 49. Red plaque erected by Borough of Waltham Forest at 458 Forest Rd, Walthamstow, London Further Reading Arbutus unedo, Strawberry Tree Curse, Eat the Weeds and other things, too List of Growers and Vendors |
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| Bibliography 1 Gilman, Edward F., and Dennis G. Watson. "Arbutus unedo: Strawberry Tree." Environmental Horticulture, UF/IFAS Extension, ENH244, Nov. 1993, Revised Dec. 2006, Reviewed Feb. 2014, AskIFAS, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ST085. Accessed 26 June 2022. 2 Lim T. K. "Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits." EPDF, 2012, epdf.pub/volume-2-fruits.html. Accessed 26 June 2022. 3 Dirr, Michael A. "Dirr's Trees and Shrubs for Warm Climates: An Illustrated Encyclopedia." ZLibrary, 2002, 1lib.us/book/861261/ff90ea. Accessed 26 June 2022. 4 Christman, Steve. "Arbutus unedo." Floridata, no. 634, Published 29 Feb. 2000, Updated 31 Dec. 2002, 26 Nov. 2003, 5 Jan. 2006, 12 Dec. 2008, 15 Oct. 2010, 30 Oct. 2011, floridata.com/plant/634. Accessed 26 June 2022. 5 "Strawberry Tree, also called Irish Strawberry, Arbutus unedo." The Rare Fruit Club WA, rarefruitclub.org.au/Arbutus.htm. Accessed 27 June 2022. 6 Grieve, M. A Modern Herbal. 1931, Mackays of Chatham, Kent, 1996. 7 Hurley, Maureen. "Arbutus, Madroño, or a Strawberry Tree by any other name." Literrata, 14 June 2014, (CC BY-NC-ND 2.5), mohurley.blogspot.com/2014/06/arbutus-madrono-or-strawberry-tree-by.html. Accessed 27 June 2022. 8 Orwa, C., et al. "Arbutus unedo L." Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide, version 4.0., 2009, Agroforestry, apps.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/speciesprofile.php?Spid=18157. Accessed 27 June 2022. 9 "Arbutus unedo L. synonyms." Plants of the World Online, Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, POWO, powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:326526-1. Accessed 27 June 2022. 10 Deane, Green. "Arbutus unedo, Strawberry Tree Curse." Eat the Weeds and other things, too, www.eattheweeds.com/tag/arbutus-unedo/. Accessed 29 June 2022. 11 "Arbutus unedo." North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox, N.C. Cooperative Extension, plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/arbutus-unedo/. Accessed 30 June 2022. 12 ucronin. "The Strawberry Tree." Get Behind the Muse, 12 Nov. 2013, ucronin.wordpress.com/2013/11/12/the-strawberry-tree/. Accessed 30 June 2022. 13 The New Royal Horticulture Society Dictionary of Gardening. Vol. 1, A to C, Edited by Anthony Huxley, et al, London, MacMillan Reference, 1999. 14 Facciola. S. Cornucopia II A Source Book of Edible Plants. Vista, Kampong Publications, 1998. Photographs Fig. 1 Dupont, Bernard. "Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo) fruit, Valcrose, Aniane, Hérault, FRANCE." Wikimedia Commons, via Flickr, 8 Nov. 2014, (CC BY 2.0), Image cropped, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Strawberry_Tree_(Arbutus_unedo)_fruit_(15880687236).jpg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 2,22,23 Hurley, Maureen. "Arbutus, Madroño, or a Strawberry Tree by any other name." Literrata, 14 June 2014, (CC BY-NC-ND 2.5), mohurley.blogspot.com/2014/06/arbutus-madrono-or-strawberry-tree-by.html. Accessed 27 June 2022. Fig. 3 lucas_stipticus. "Strawberry Tree Arbutus unedo, Kavran, Croatia." iNaturalist Research Grade, 31 Dec. 2020, (CC BY-NC 4.0), www.inaturalist.org/observations/103975509. Accessed 8 July 2022. Fig. 4 JMK. "Foliage of a Strawberry tree in La Montagne suburb of Pretoria, Tshwane in South Africa." Wikimedia Commons, 19 Sept. 2015, GFDL, (CC BY-SA 4.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arbutus_unedo,_loof,_La_Montagne,_a.jpg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 5 Ferrando, Umberto. "Arbutus unedo." Wikimedia Commons, 17 Nov. 2019, (CC BY 2.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arbutus_unedo_(49107021212).jpg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 6 Ferrando, Umberto. "Arbutus unedo." Wikimedia Commons, 17 Nov. 2019, (CC BY 2.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arbutus_unedo_(49106319813).jpg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 7 felipesendon. "Strawberry Tree Arbutus unedo, Islas Baleares, España." iNaturalist Research Grade, 9 June 2020, (CC BY-NC 4.0), www.inaturalist.org/observations/49019269. Accessed 8 July 2022. Fig. 8 RE-ECO. "Strawberry Tree Arbutus unedo, Portugal." iNaturalist Research Grade, 17 July 2021, (CC BY-NC 4.0), www.inaturalist.org/observations/83376563. Accessed 8 July 2022. Fig. 9 Philmarin. "Arbutus unedo (Madroño): Detalle del ovario tuberculado con el estilo surcado; hay restos del cáliz. (se ha quitado la corola) - Calle Goya, cultivado/ornamental (Madrid, España)." Wikimedia Commons, 16 Dec. 2013, (CC BY-SA 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A.unedo-flores-1.JPG. Accessed 27 June 2022. Fig. 10 Ferrando, Umberto. "Arbutus unedo." Wikimedia Commons, via Flickr, 2 Nov. 2019, (CC BY 2.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arbutus_unedo_(49107005227).jpg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 11 Dodoïste. "Bumble bee pollinating Arbutus unedo flower." Wikimedia Commons, 29 Sept. 2011, (CC BY-SA 3.0), Image cropped, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bumble_bee_pollinating_Arbutus_unedo_flower.jpg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 12 Vynokurov, Denys. "Strawberry Tree Arbutus unedo, Valencia, Spain." iNaturalist Research Grade, 30 Dec. 2021, (CC BY-NC 4.0), www.inaturalist.org/observations/103975509. Accessed 8 July 2022. Fig. 13 Philmarin. "Arbutus unedo (Madroño): Estambres, detalle. (se ha abierto la corola) - Calle Goya, cultivado/ornamental (Madrid, España)." Wikimedia Commons, 16 Dec. 2013, (CC BY-SA 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arb.un.-3a.jpg. Accessed 27 June 2022. Fig. 14 Philmarin. "Arbutus unedo (Madroño): Estambres, detalle. (se ha abierto la corola) - Calle Goya, cultivado/ornamental (Madrid, España)." Wikimedia Commons, 16 Dec. 2013, (CC BY-SA 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arb.un.-4a.jpg. Accessed 27 June 2022. Fig. 15 Ferrando, Umberto. "Arbutus unedo." Wikimedia Commons, via Flickr, 2 Nov. 2019, (CC BY 2.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arbutus_unedo_(49106308593).jpg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 16 KoS. "Arbutus unedo." Wikimedia Commons, 20 Aug. 2006, Public Domain, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arbouse_verte.jpg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 17,33 SelecTree. UFEI. "Arbutus unedo Tree Record." Cal Poly State University, San Luis Obispo, 1995-2022, selectree.calpoly.edu/tree-detail/177. Accessed on Jun 30, 2022. Fig. 18 Jplm. "Arbutus berries (Palombaggia, Corsica)." Wikimedia Commons, 31 Dec. 2005, Public Domain, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arbouses.jpg. Accessed 27 June 2022. Fig. 19 Cutler, Wendy. "Arbutus unedo off Bayshore Drive at Coal Harbour." Flickr, 22 Oct. 2011, (CC BY 2.0), www.flickr.com/photos/wlcutler/6270412957/. Accessed 27 June 2022. Fig. 20 Eldar, Tylwyth. "Arbousier (Arbutus unedo) à Carcassonne." Wikimedia Commons, 21 Dec. 2021, (CC BY-SA 4.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carcassonne_-_Arbutus_unedo_02.jpg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 21 Draceane. "Valley of the Fallen (Valle de los Caídos), Spain." Wikimedia Commons, 18 Nov. 2016, (CC BY-SA 4.0), Image cropped, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Valle_de_los_Caídos,_2016_(05).jpg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 24 Cooper, Martin. "Fruit from the Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo)." Wikimedia Commons, 31 Oct. 2015, (CC BY 2.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:I_eat_only_one_(23062368386).jpg. Accessed 27 June 2022. Fig. 25 Genet. "Arbutus unedo: fruits." Wikimedia Commons, 2011, GFDL, (CC BY-SA 3.0), (CC BY-SA 3.0 DE), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arbutus_unedo_-_Fruits.jpg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 26 Philmarin. "Arbutus unedo (Madroño): Frutos muy maduros abiertos in situ dejando ver las semillas - Ornamental, Exterior de la Puerta del Niño Jesús, Parque del Buen Retiro (Madrid, España)." Wikimedia Commons, 9 Jan. 2019, (CC BY-SA 4.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:(MAD)_A.unedo-fruit-4.jpg. Accessed 27 June 2022. Fig. 27 Ferrando, Umberto. "Arbutus unedo." Wikimedia Commons, via Flickr, 17 Nov. 2019, (CC BY 2.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arbutus_unedo_(49106813121).jpg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 28 Pérez, David (DPC). "Fruits of Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo). National Park of Monfragüe." Wikimedia Commons, 6 Dec. 2009, (CC BY-SA 4.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arbutus_unedo_03_by-dpc.jpg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 29 Nelson, Hugh. Arbutus unedo." Wikimedia Commons, 22 Nov. 2013, (CC BY 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:500px_photo_(55874722).jpeg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 30 Nzfauna. "Arbutus unedo crumble cake." Wikimedia Commons, 28 Mar. 2015, (CC BY-SA 4.0), Image cropped, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arbutus_unedo_crumble_cake.jpg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 31 "Arbutus fruit." Wallpaper Flare, www.wallpaperflare.com/raspberries-on-glass-bowl-and-white-plate-arbutus-flower-wallpaper-zzbms. Accessed 9 July 2022. Fig. 32 Père Igor. "Arbousier (Arbutus unedo) dans le parc de Pierrefitte-Nestalas, Hautes-Pyrénées, France." Wikimedia Commons, 22 May 2012, (CC BY-SA 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arbousier_parc_Pierrefitte-Nestalas_(1).JPG. Accessed 27 June 2022. Fig. 34 Calistemon. "An Arbutus unedo in Golden Valley Tree Park, Western Australia. The tree was planted in the 1930s." Wikimedia Commons, 21 May 2022, (CC BY-SA 4.0), Image cropped, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arbutus_unedo_(49107021212).jpg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 35 Ress, Michelle. "Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo), San Jose, California." Flickr, 29 Dec.2007, (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0), www.flickr.com/photos/9754872@N08/2151265142. Accessed 9 July 2022. Fig. 36 Golik, Krzysztof. "Arbutus unedo in Christchurch Botanic Gardens in Christchurch, Canterbury Region, New Zealand." Wikimedia Commons, 16 Nov. 2017, (CC BY-SA 4.0), Image cropped, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arbutus_unedo_in_Christchurch_Botanic_Gardens_01.jpg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 37 Golik, Krzysztof. "Arbutus unedo in Christchurch Botanic Gardens in Christchurch, Canterbury Region, New Zealand." Wikimedia Commons, 16 Nov. 2017, (CC BY-SA 4.0), Image cropped, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arbutus_unedo_in_Christchurch_Botanic_Gardens_02.jpg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 38 Barlin, Maureen. "Winter Glow. Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo). The bark was still wet from overnight rain giving it a rich, polished copper appearance. Greys Court a Natioanl Trust property near Henley-on-Thames." Flickr, 29 Dec.2007, (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0), Image cropped, www.flickr.com/photos/9754872@N08/2151265142. Accessed 9 July 2022. Fig. 39 Xemenendura. "Street and strawberry tree in Cortelazor, Huelva, Spain." Wikimedia Commons, 6 Nov. 2021, (CC BY-SA 4.0), Image cropped, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cortelazor_19.jpg. Accessed 29 June 2022. Fig. 40 Chauvet, Michel. "Arbutus fruits sold near Oran (Algeria)." Wikimedia Commons, 1 Jan. 2010, (CC BY-SA 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arbouse_Oran.jpg. Accessed 27 June 2022. Fig. 41 Lucyin. "arbôjhes dins des cahotes di schinons d' rozeas." Wikimedia Commons, 20 Nov. 2016, (CC BY-SA 4.0), Image cropped, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arbôjhes_Ourica1.jpg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 42 Rebelo, Maria. "Tasting medronho spirits in Porto Côvo." Maria Rebelo Photography, Salt of Portugal, 23 Aug. 2021, (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0), saltofportugal.com/page/3/?blogsub=confirming. Accessed 27 June 2022. Fig. 43 Caudullo, Giovanni, et al . "Distribution map of Arbutus unedo (strawberry tree)." Wikimedia Commons, Chorological maps for the main European woody species, Data in Brief 12, 662-666, 2017, DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007, 30 Aug.2016, (CC BY 4.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arbutus_unedo_range.svg. Accessed 8 July 2022. Fig. 43 Caudullo, Giovanni, et al . "Distribution map of Arbutus unedo (strawberry tree)." Wikimedia Commons, Chorological maps for the main European woody species, Data in Brief 12, 662-666, 2017, DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007, 30 Aug. 2016, (CC BY 4.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arbutus_unedo_range.svg. Accessed 8 July 2022. Fig. 44 Stickpen. "Calypte anna feeding at flowers of Arbutus unedo 'Marina' in the Water Conservation Garden at Cuyamaca College, El Cajon, California, USA." Wikimedia Commons, 15 Jan. 2010, Public Domain, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arbutusunedohumming.jpg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 45 Liu, Ryan. "El Oso y el Madroño ("The Bear and the Strawberry Tree"), square Puerta del Sol in Madrid Spain." Wikimedia Commons, Construction Madrid Spain, 27 Jan. 2015, (CC BY 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Construction_Madrid_Spain_(120385203).jpeg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 46 Valadrem. "Coat of arms of Madrid (Spain)." Wikimedia Commons, 14 June 2006, GFDL, (CC BY-SA 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Madrid.svg. Accessed 27 June 2022. Fig. 47 "Strawberry-Tree Fruit. Stamp of Albania 1972." Post of Albania, Wikimedia Commons, 2 Jan. 2021, Public Domain, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stamp_of_Albania_-_1972_-_Colnect_325345_-_Strawberry_Tree_Fruit.jpeg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 48 Garcia, Xavi. "Coats of arms of L'Arboç, Tarragona, Spain." Wikimedia Commons, 22 Dec. 2008, (CC BY-SA 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Escut_de_l'Arboç.svg. Accessed 30 June 2022. Fig. 49 Spudgun67. "Red plaque erected by Borough of Waltham Forest at 458 Forest Rd, Walthamstow, London E17 4PZ." Wikimedia Commons, 7 May 2016, (CC BY-SA 4.0), Image cropped, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arbutus_Unedo_(Waltham_Forest).jpg. Accessed 30 June 2022. * UF/IFAS Assessment of Non-native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas ** Information provided is not intended to be used as a guide for treatment of medical conditions. Published 12 July 2022 LR |
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