| Water Lemon - Passiflora laurifolia | |||||||||||||||||||||
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 Fig. 1 Passiflora laurifolia (yellow water lemon, Jamaican lilikoi)  Fig. 2 Passiflora laurifolia  Fig. 3  Golden Bell-apple  Fig. 4 Leaf of P. Laurifolia from Guadeloupe seen from above  Fig. 5  Young plants  Fig. 6  Golden Bellapple P. laurifolia Hawai'i  Fig. 11  Flower, Keopuolani Park Kahului, Maui, Hawai'i  Fig. 12  Golden Bellapple P. laurifolia, Kuamoʻo Rd, Kapaa, Hawai'i  Fig. 13  Golden Bellapple P. laurifolia Kauai County, Hawai'i  Fig. 14  P. laurifolia (yellow water lemon, Jamaican lilikoi) flower. Waihee Ridge Trail, Maui, Hawai'i.  Fig. 18  P. laurifolia (with fruit). Maui, Keanae, Hawai'i  Fig. 19 Bell-apple, Pomme d'or, ou pomme lianne aux Antilles  Fig. 20 Water Lemon, P. laurifolia  Fig. 24  P. laurifolia habit Hawai'i  Fig. 25  Kim smelling flowers, Park Kahului, Maui, Hawai'i  Fig. 26  Trellised vine, Pali o Waipio Huelo, Maui, Hawai'i |
Scientific
name Passiflora laurifolia L. Common names English: bell-apple, golden apple, vinegar pear, Jamaica-honeysuckle, sweetcup, water-lemon, yellow granadilla; French: pomme d'or, pomme-liane, pomme de liane, Marie-Tambour, or maritambou; German: Gelbe Grenadille, Wasserlimone; Spanish: parcha, parcha de culebra, or pasionaria con hojas de laurel, granadilla de China; Malaya: markusa leutih, buah susu, buah belebar, or buah selaseh; Surinam: paramarkoesa; Vietnam: guôi tây; Indonesia: leutik, markusa leutik; Brasil: maracujá lauranyá, parcha de culebra, maracuja comum; Thailand: sa-wa-rot, sukhontharot; Swedish: guldgrenadill 3,9,12 Synonyms Granadilla laurifolia (L.) Medik.; P. laurifolia var. tinifolia (Juss.) Bois; P. oblongifolia Pulle; P. tinifolia Juss. 1 Relatives Purple passionfruit (P. edulis); yellow passionfruit (P. edulis f. flavicarpa); fragrant granadilla (P. alata); red granadilla (P. coccinea); maypop (P. incarnata); yellow granadilla (P. Laurifolia); sweet granadilla (P. ligularis); sweet calabash (P. maliformis); banana passion fruit (P. mollissima); giant granadilla (P. quadrangularis) 15 Family Passifloraceae (passion flower family) Origin South America and the West Indies USDA hardiness zones 10-12 7 Uses Food and beverage Height Depends upon supporting structure Spread Attaining 49 ft (15 m) in length 4 Plant habit Woody vine; climbs by means of axillary tendrils 8 Growth rate Moderately vigorous 3 Longevity Passiflora spp. are generally short-lived (5 to 7 years) Leaves Perennial; alternate; glabrous; thick and leathery; oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, not lobate; pair of globose glands where they join the blade 8,3 Flowers Abundant; very fragrant, medium-sized blue or purplish-blue; May to August 4 Fruit Medium size; ovaloid; deep orange skin, white-yellow extremely juicy pulp 6 Light requirement Dappled shade Soil tolerances Grows and flowers well on sand and on limestone in Florida 3 pH preference 5.5-6.5, tolerating 5-7 17 Cold tolerance Tropical, will not stand any frost Optimal 70-86 °F (22-30 °C), tolerate 53-96 °F (12-36 °C) 17 Invasive potential * None reported Pest resistance Trials have shown that the vine is fairly resistant to rootknot nematodes in Florida 3 Known hazard The foliage is poisonous but can also have medicinal properties Reading Material Water Lemon, Fruits of Warm Climates Passiflora laurifolia L., PROSEA Foundation Origin The water lemon or yellow granadilla, Passiflora laurifolia, is native to northern South America, the Amazon region, and the West Indies. Although tropical in habit, it is reasonably well suited to cultivation in south Florida. 2 Description P. laurifolia, the laurel-leafed passion flower, is cultivated in many countries for ornamental and commercial purposes. Yellow granadilla is a tall, evergreen climbing shrub producing stems up to 15 meters long. These stems can scramble over the ground or clamber into other plants, supporting themselves by means of coiling tendrils. 4 Stems Its twining, more or less woody or wiry stems longitudinally grooved and bearing slender, tough tendrils in the leaf axils flanked by 2 slim, green stipules. 3 Leaves Leaves alternate (rarely sub opposite), spirally arranged, simple or rarely compound, stipulate or not, petiolate, petiole or base of blade often with 1 to many glands; leaf blade entire or lobed, venation pinnate or palmate, often with glands on margin and abaxial surface. 10 Leaves do not have lobes and stems are round. Leaves are rounded (10 cm x 5 cm), hairless and rough. 11
Flowers Flowers fragrant, blue blotched or spotted purplish red. Up to 75 mm (3 ins) wide. Sepals green and red outside, bluey white or blue inside, oblong, 20-25 mm (4/5-1 in) long. Petals slightly shorter than sepals, bluey white or blue inside. Corona filaments banded transversely with reddish-purple, blue, violet or purple and white, in 6 series. 4
Fig. 17. Golden Bellapple P. laurifolia , Kent Ridge Park, Singapore Pollination The water lemon flowers open only in the afternoon, and apparently are not self-pollinated, or only slightly so. Cross-pollination is required for good crops. If carpenter bees are not present at the right time, the pollen must be transferred by hand. 3 A warm, dry atmosphere is essential for early ripening of the stigmas. 3 Fruit The yellow fruit, which outwardly resembles a lemon in shape and size, contains sweet, high-quality pulp. 2 The water lemon has an excellent mild, perfumed taste, without the tartness of the common Passionfruit. The fruit is about the size of a Hen's egg. The pulp, which is of a delicious, slightly acid flavor, is so watery that is is usually sucked through a hole in the rind. 14 The rind is leathery, to 1/8 in (3 mm) thick, white and spongy within; becomes hard when dry. 3
Propagation The water lemon grows readily from seeds or cuttings. 3 Culture Growing better in slightly humid climates, the vine is not particular about soil or water requirements, other than liking ground moisture year-round. 13 The vine has grown and flowered well on sand and on limestone in Florida. 3 Training and Pruning of the Passiflora Vine, University of Florida Pests Trials have shown that the vine is fairly resistant to rootknot nematodes in Florida. 3 Food Uses Children and adults make a hole in one end of the fruit and suck out the pulp and seeds for refreshment. The juice of the strained pulp makes an excellent beverage. 3 Food Value The pulp contains 1.55 mg of pantothenic acid per 100 g; the rind, 1.87 mg. This element belongs to the vitamin B complex group and is sometimes called vitamin B5. 3 Toxicity The rind, leaves and seeds contain a cyanogenic glycoside. On the other hand, the leaves possess 387 mg, per 100 g, ascorbic acid. The leaf decoction is taken as a vermifuge. The seeds have a sedative action on the nervous system and heart and, in strong doses, are hypnotic. The root acts as a very potent vermifuge. 3 Other Uses In the Caribbean Islands the stems are used to make the main frame of baskets and fish traps as they become especially hard and tough when dried. 4 Other Edible Passiflora species: Giant Granadilla, P. quadrangularis Passionfruit, P. edulis/P. edulis f. flavicarpa Maypop, P. incarnata General Waterlemon Cay in the Virgin Islands is named after the fruit. 5 Sometimes used as a rootstock for P. edulis because it is less susceptible to soil borne disease. 15 Further Reading Edible Fruited Passiflora Adapted to South Florida Growing Conditions, 1976, Florida State Horticulture Society pdf Water Melon Botanical Art List of Growers and Vendors |
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| Bibliography 1 "Passiflora laurifolia L. synonyms." The Plant List (2013), Version 1.1, www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2560534. Accessed 25 Nov. 2019. 2 Boning, Charles R. Florida's Best Fruiting Plants- Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Sarasota, Pineapple Press, 2006. 3 Fruits of Warm Climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, 1987. 4 Vanderplank, John. Passion Flowers. 2nd ed. 1991, London, Cassell Publishers, 1996. 5 "Passiflora laurifolia." Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passiflora_laurifolia. Accessed 25 Nov. 2019. 6 "Water Lemon, Passiflora laurifolia." Trade Winds Fruit, www.tradewindsfruit.com/content/water-lemon.htm. Accessed 26 Nov. 2019. 7 "Passiflora laurifolia - L." Plants For A Furure, pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+laurifolia. Accessed 26 Nov. 2019. 8 Acevedo, Pedro. "Vines and climbing plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands." Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, 51, 1-483, 2015. 9 "Taxon: Passiflora laurifolia L." USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System, Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy), National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, 2019, U.S. National Plant Germplasm System, npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=26981. Accessed 26 Nov. 2019. 10 "Passiflora laurifolia L." Ecoport, ecoport.org/ep?Plant=1637&entityType=PL****&entityDisplayCategory=full&menuStyle=text. Accessed 27 Nov. 2019. 11 "Passiflora laurifolia L." Plant Resources of Tropical Africa, www.prota4u.org/database/protav8.asp?g=psk&p=Passiflora%20laurifolia. Accessed 27 Nov. 2019. 12 "Passiflora laurifolia L." Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops, mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/apex/f?p=185:46:0::NO::module,mf_use,source,akzanz,rehm,akzname,taxid:mf,,botnam,0,,Passiflora+laurifolia,10270. Accessed 27 Nov. 2019. 13 "Passiflora laurifolia L." Encyclopedia of Life, eol.org/pages/584530/articles. Accessed 27 Nov. 2019. 14 "Passiflora laurifolia L." New International Encyclopedia, Vol. 10, Google Books, books.google.com/books?id=EBsoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA412-IA1&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q=Passiflora laurifolia&f=false. Accessed 27 Nov. 2019. 15 Campbell, Martin, F. W., et al. Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics: an Inventory. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1987. 16 "Passionfruit." California Rare Fruit Growers, crfg.org.pubs/ff/passionfruit.html. Accessed 14 Nov. 2019. 17 "Passiflora laurifolia L." Ecocrop, ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home. Accessed 27 Nov. 2019. Photographs Fig. 1 Starr, Forest and Kim. "Passiflora laurifolia (Yellow water lemon, Jamaican lilikoi)." Starr Environmental, 110722-7148, 22 July 2011, (CC BY 4.0), www.starrenvironmental.com/images/image/?q=25100552575. Accessed 26 Nov. 2019. Fig. 2 Filo gèn'. "Passiflora laurifolia fruits on white background." Commons Wikimedia, 20 May 2018, (CC BY-SA 4.0), GFDL, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Passiflora_laurifolia#/media/File:Passiflora_laurifolia_on_white_background.jpg. Accessed 25 Nov. 2019. Fig. 3 Filo gèn'. "Bell-apple. Pomme d'or, ou pomme lianne aux Antilles." Commons Wikimedia, 29 May 2018, (CC BY-SA 4.0), GFDL, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Passiflora_laurifolia#/media/File:Passiflora_laurifolia_half_on_black_background.jpg. Accessed 25 Nov. 2019. Fig. 4 Sky99. "Leaf of Passiflora Laurifolia from Guadeloupe seen from above." Commons Wikimedia, 23 Apr. 2012, (CC BY-SA 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_Laurifolia_-_leaf_above_1.jpg. Accessed 26 Nov. 2019. Fig. 5,7,8,9,10,22 Oscar. "Passiflora laurifolia." The Plant Observatory, www.natureloveyou.sg/Passiflora%20laurifolia/Main.html. Accessed 26 Nov. 2019. Fig. 6 cwarneke. "Golden Bellapple Passiflora laurifolia, Hawai'i, US." iNaturalist research-grade observations, 48038133, 10 Aug. 2018, GBIF, Public Domain, www.gbif.org/occurrence/2366038492. Accessed 25 Nov. 2019. Fig. 11 Starr, Forest and Kim. "Passiflora laurifolia (Yellow water lemon, Jamaican lilikoi) Flower Keopuolani Park Kahului, Maui, Hawai'i." Starr Environmental, 160509-0156, 9 May 2016, (CC BY 4.0), www.starrenvironmental.com/images/image/?q=27264009471. Accessed 26 Nov. 2019. Fig. 12 akenney85. "Golden Bellapple Passiflora laurifolia, Kuamoʻo Rd, Kapaa, HI, US." iNaturalist research-grade observations, 33756073, 30 Mar. 2019, GBIF, (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0), Image cropped, www.gbif.org/occurrence/2235501232. Accessed 25 Nov. 2019. Fig. 13 Cantrell, Morgan. "Golden Bellapple Passiflora laurifolia, Kauai County, HI, USA." iNaturalist research-grade observations, 13241950, 10 May 2010, GBIF, (CC BY-NC 4.0), Image cropped, www.gbif.org/occurrence/1807292491. Accessed 25 Nov. 2019. Fig. 14 Starr, Forest and Kim. "Passiflora laurifolia (Yellow water lemon, Jamaican lilikoi) Flower. Waihee Ridge Trail, Maui, Hawai'i." Starr Environmental, 110722-7146, 22 July 2011, (CC BY 4.0), www.starrenvironmental.com/images/image/?q=24469852394. Accessed 26 Nov. 2019. Fig. 15,16,21 Wagner, W. L., et al. "Passiflora laurifolia L." Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, 2005, botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora/index.htm. Accessed 26 Nov. 2019. Fig. 17 Gan, CheongWeei. "Golden Bellapple Passiflora laurifolia, Kent Ridge Park, Singapore." iNaturalist research-grade observations, 20989772, 8 July 2018, GBIF, www.gbif.org/occurrence/1883475042. Accessed 25 Nov. 2019. Fig. 18 Starr, Forest and Kim. "Passiflora laurifolia (with fruit). Maui, Keanae, Hawai'i." Starr Environmental, 980807-1609, 6 Aug. 1998, Commons Wikimedia, (CC BY 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Passiflora_laurifolia#/media/File:Starr_980807-1609_Passiflora_laurifolia.jpg. Accessed 26 Nov. 2019. Fig. 19 Filo gèn'. "Bell-apple. Pomme d'or, ou pomme lianne aux Antilles." Commons Wikimedia, 4 May 2018, (CC BY-SA 4.0), GFDL, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Passiflora_laurifolia#/media/File:Passiflora_laurifolia_(Passifloraceae)_01.jpg. Accessed 25 Nov. 2019. Fig. 20 "Water Lemon, Passiflora laurifolia." Trade Winds Fruit, www.tradewindsfruit.com/content/water-lemon.htm. Accessed 26 Nov. 2019. Fig. 23 Filo gèn'. "Passiflora laurifolia-Seeds." Commons Wikimedia, 9 Aug. 2018, (CC BY-SA 4.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Passiflora_laurifolia#/media/File:Passiflora_laurifolia_seeds.jpg. Accessed 26 Nov. 2019. Fig. 24 Starr, Forest and Kim. "Passiflora laurifolia (Yellow water lemon, Jamaican lilikoi) Habit. Waihee Ridge Trail, Maui, Hawaii." Starr Environmental, 110722-7144, 22 July 2011, (CC BY 4.0), www.starrenvironmental.com/images/image/?q=25100543475. Accessed 26 Nov. 2019. Fig. 25 Starr, Forest and Kim. "Passiflora laurifolia (Yellow water lemon, Jamaican lilikoi), Kim smelling flowers, Park Kahului, Maui, Hawai'i." Starr Environmental, 160509-0151, 9 May 2016, (CC BY 4.0), www.starrenvironmental.com/images/image/?q=27300935876. Accessed 26 Nov. 2019. Fig. 261 Starr, Forest and Kim. "Passiflora laurifolia (Yellow water lemon, Jamaican lilikoi), Trellised vine with Forest and Angela, Pali o Waipio Huelo, Maui, Hawai'i." Starr Environmental, 140925-5017, 25 Sept. 2014, (CC BY 4.0), Image Cropped, www.starrenvironmental.com/images/image/?q=24951136440. Accessed 26 Nov. 2019. * UF/IFAS Assessment of Non-native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas ** Information provided is not intended to be used as a guide for treatment of medical conditions. Published 27 Nov. 2019 LR |
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